|
''Liberté, égalité, fraternité'' (), French for "liberty, equality, fraternity",〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Embassy of France in the US )〕 is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto. Although it finds its origins in the French Revolution, it was then only one motto among others and was not institutionalized until the Third Republic at the end of the 19th century.〔 (abridged translation, ''Realms of Memory'', Columbia University Press, 1996–98).〕 Debates concerning the compatibility and order of the three terms began at the same time as the Revolution. ==Origins during the French Revolution== The first to have made this motto was Maximilien Robespierre in his speech ''"On the organization of the National Guard"'' ((フランス語:Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationales)) on 5 December 1790, article XVI, and disseminated widely throughout France by the popular Societies. Credit for the motto has been given also to Antoine-François Momoro (1756–94), a Parisian printer and Hébertist organizer, though in different context of foreign invasion and federalist revolt in 1793, it was modified to "Unity, indivisibility of the Republic; liberty, equality, brotherhood or death" ((フランス語:Unité, Indivisibilité de la République; Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité ou la mort)) and suggested by a resolution of the Paris Commune (member of which Momoro was elected by his section du Théâtre-Français) on 29 June 1793 to be inscribed on Parisian house-fronts and imitated by the inhabitants of other cities. In 1839, the philosopher Pierre Leroux claimed it had been an anonymous and popular creation.〔 The historian Mona Ozouf underlines that, although ''Liberté'' and ''Égalité'' were associated as a motto during the 18th century, ''Fraternité'' wasn't always included in it, and other terms, such as ''Amitié'' (Friendship), ''Charité'' (Charity) or ''Union'' were often added in its place.〔 The emphasis on ''Fraternité'' during the French Revolution led Olympe de Gouges, a female journalist, to write the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen〔.〕 as a response. The tripartite motto was neither a creative collection, nor really institutionalized by the French Revolution.〔 As soon as 1789, other terms were used, such as "''la Nation, la Loi, le Roi''" (The Nation, The Law, The King), or "''Union, Force, Vertu''" (Union, Strength, Virtue), a slogan used beforehand by masonic lodges, or "''Force, Égalité, Justice''" (Strength, Equality, Justice), "''Liberté, Sûreté, Propriété''" (Liberty, Security, Property), etc.〔 In other words, ''liberté, égalité, fraternité'' was only one slogan among many others.〔 During the Jacobin revolutionary period itself, various mottos were used, such as ''liberté, unité, égalité'' (liberty, unity, equality); ''liberté, égalité, justice'' (liberty, equality, justice); ''liberté, raison, égalité'' (liberty, reason, equality), etc.〔 The only solid association was that of ''liberté'' and ''égalité'', ''fraternité'' being ignored by the ''Cahiers de doléances'' as well as by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It was only alluded to in the 1791 Constitution, as well as in Robespierre's draft Declaration of 1793, placed under the invocation of (in that order) ''égalité, liberté, sûreté'' and ''propriété'' (equality, liberty, safety, property — though it was used not as a motto, but as articles of declaration), as the possibility of a universal extension of the Declaration of Rights: "Men of all countries are brothers, he who oppresses one nation declares himself the enemy of all."〔 Finally, it did not figure in the August 1793 Declaration.〔 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 defined liberty in Article 4 as follows: Equality, on the other hand, was defined by the 1789 Declaration in terms of judicial equality and merit-based entry to government (art. 6): ''Liberté, égalité, fraternité'' actually finds its origins in a May 1791 proposition by the ''Club des Cordeliers'', following a speech on the Army by the marquis de Guichardin.〔 A British marine held prisoner on the French ship ''Le Marat'' in 1794 wrote home in letters published in 1796:〔.〕 The compatibility of ''liberté'' and ''égalité'' was not doubted in the first days of the Revolution, and the problem of the antecedence of one term on the other not lifted.〔 Thus, the Abbé Sieyès considered that only liberty ensured equality, unless the latter was to be the equality of all dominated by a despot; while liberty followed equality ensured by the rule of law.〔 The abstract generality of law (theorized by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the ''The Social Contract'') thus ensured the identification of liberty to equality, liberty being negatively defined as an independence from arbitrary rule, and equality considered abstractly in its judicial form.〔 This identification of liberty and equality became problematic during the Jacobin period, when equality was redefined (for instance by François-Noël Babeuf) as equality of results, and not only judicial equality of rights.〔 Thus, Marc Antoine Baudot considered that French temperament inclined rather to equality than liberty, a theme which would be re-used by Pierre Louis Roederer and Alexis de Tocqueville, while Jacques Necker considered that an equal society could only be found on coercion.〔 The third term, ''fraternité'', was the most problematic to insert in the triad, as it belonged to another sphere, that of moral obligations rather than rights, links rather than statutes, harmony rather than contract, and community rather than individuality.〔 Various interpretations of ''fraternité'' existed. The first one, according to Mona Ozouf, was one of "''fraternité de rébellion''" (Fraternity of Rebellion),〔 that is the union of the deputies in the ''Jeu de Paume Oath'' of June 1789, refusing the dissolution ordered by the King Louis XVI: "We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations." Fraternity was thus issued from Liberty and oriented by a common cause.〔 Another form of ''fraternité'' was that of the patriotic Church, which identified social link with religious link and based fraternity on Christian brotherhood.〔 In this second sense, ''fraternité'' preceded both ''liberté'' and ''Égalité'', instead of following them as in the first sense.〔 Thus, two senses of Fraternity: "one, that followed liberty and equality, was the object of a free pact; the other preceded liberty and equality as the mark on its work of the divine craftsman."〔 Another hesitation concerning the compatibility of the three terms arose from the opposition between liberty and equality as individualistic values, and fraternity as the realization of a happy community, devoided of any conflicts and opposed to any form of egotism.〔 This fusional interpretation of Fraternity opposed it to the project of individual autonomy and manifested the precedence of Fraternity on individual will.〔 In this sense, it was sometimes associated with death, as in ''Fraternité, ou la Mort!'' (Fraternity or Death!), excluding liberty and even equality, by establishing a strong dichotomy between those who were brothers and those who were not (in the sense of "you are with me or against me", brother or foe).〔 Louis de Saint-Just thus stigmatized Anarchasis Cloots' cosmopolitanism, declaring "Cloots liked the universe, except France."〔 With Thermidor and the execution of Robespierre, ''fraternité'' disappeared from the slogan, reduced to the two terms of liberty and equality, re-defined again as simple judicial equality and not as the equality upheld by the sentiment of fraternity.〔 The First Consul (Napoleon Bonaparte) then established the motto ''liberté, ordre public'' (liberty, public order). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Liberté, égalité, fraternité」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|